Thanks BigTree
Someone has done some research at last.
There are educational programs in Australia for students learning English later in life, populated by migrants from linguistically diverse backgrounds. Usually enrolment is limited (2 semesters in at least 1 state school system). The students tend to be very keen to learn, as it is seen as their chance to become proficient in the language of their new home. After the intensive placement, there are further time limits on English as a Second Language teacher intervention in mainstream schooling. The time limits for assistance are strict to keep within budget.
There is a history in Australia of migrant students being enrolled as younger than their real chronological age. The thinking was that the kids would learn English better in junior primary, and thus not be disadvantaged later in their schooling. The advantage sought was in entry to uni, not junior sport. That was before Sudanese kids entered the scene, so I wouldn't know if the Sudanese community think this way or not.
If a kid was also playing "over age" and made junior rep teams and such, it is a bit of an issue for the poor kid who misses out. BUT Thon Maker is an adult and there are no age restrictions on NBA draftees. Andrew Gaze was "old for college", and no one seemed to mind the age issue (prior pro experience was another matter altogether).
So, if Thon or any other kid from the Sudanese community is really older than claimed, it makes no real difference once they're an adult. Any unfairness is history. Just as long as they don't enter in masters events when their documents state they're only 25.